Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments

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Book description

For students, DIY hobbyists, and science buffs, who can no longer get real chemistry sets, this one-of-a-kind guide explains how to set up and use a home chemistry lab, with step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments in basic chemistry -- not just to make pretty colors and stinky smells, but to learn how to do real lab work:

• Purify alcohol by distillation
• Produce hydrogen and oxygen gas by electrolysis
• Smelt metallic copper from copper ore you make yourself
• Analyze the makeup of seawater, bone, and other common substances
• Synthesize oil of wintergreen from aspirin and rayon fiber from paper
• Perform forensics tests for fingerprints, blood, drugs, and poisons
• and much more

From the 1930s through the 1970s, chemistry sets were among the most popular Christmas gifts, selling in the millions. But two decades ago, real chemistry sets began to disappear as manufacturers and retailers became concerned about liability. ,em>The Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments steps up to the plate with lessons on how to equip your home chemistry lab, master laboratory skills, and work safely in your lab. The bulk of this book consists of 17 hands-on chapters that include multiple laboratory sessions on the following topics:

• Separating Mixtures
• Solubility and Solutions
• Colligative Properties of Solutions
• Introduction to Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry
• Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions
• Acid-Base Chemistry
• Chemical Kinetics
• Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
• Gas Chemistry
• Thermochemistry and Calorimetry
• Electrochemistry
• Photochemistry
• Colloids and Suspensions
• Qualitative Analysis
• Quantitative Analysis
• Synthesis of Useful Compounds
• Forensic Chemistry

This hands-on introduction to real chemistry -- using real equipment, real chemicals, and real quantitative experiments -- is ideal for the many thousands of young people and adults who want to experience the magic of chemistry.

Table of contents

1. DIY Science: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture
2. Dedication
3. Preface
   1. Who This Book is For
   2. How This Book is Organized
   3. Acknowledgments
   4. Thank You
   1. Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook
      1. Laboratory Notebook Guidelines
         1. Use the following guidelines to maintain your laboratory notebook:
         1. Use the following general format for recording an experiment in your lab notebook:
         1. Laboratory Safety Rules We Recommend
            1. Prepare Properly
               1. All Laboratory Activities Must be Supervised by a Responsible Adult
               2. Familiarize Yourself with Safety Procedures and Equipment
               3. Always Read the MSDS for Every Chemical that You Will Use in a Laboratory Session
               4. Organize Your Work Area
               1. Wear Approved Eye Protection at All Times
               2. Wear Protective Gloves and Clothing
               1. Avoid Chemical Hazards
               2. Avoid Fire Hazards
               3. Avoid Glassware Hazards
               1. Never Eat, Drink, or Smoke in the Laboratory
               2. Never Work Alone in the Laboratory
               3. No Horsing Around
               4. Never Combine Chemicals Arbitrarily
               5. Don’t Make Explosives
               1. General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware
                  1. Test Tubes
                  2. Beakers
                  3. FlaskS
                     1. Erlenmeyer Flasks
                     2. Florence (Boiling) Flasks
                     3. Filtering Flasks
                     1. Storage Bottles
                     2. Barnes Bottles
                     3. Wash Bottles
                     1. Graduated Cylinders
                     2. Pipettes
                     3. Burettes
                     4. Volumetric Flasks
                     1. Reaction Plates
                     2. Droppers and Disposable Pipettes
                     1. Balance
                     2. Heat Sources
                     3. Support Stands, Rings, and Clamps
                     4. Pipetters
                     5. pH Measuring Tools
                     6. Thermometers
                     7. Scoops, Spatulas, and Spoons
                     8. Filter Paper
                     9. Chromatography Paper
                     10. Battery and Electrodes
                     11. Rubber Stoppers and Corks
                     12. Recommended Laboratory Equipment and Supplies
                     13. Miscellaneous Equipment (Junk Collecting)
                     1. Chemical Names
                     2. Chemical Grades
                     3. Chemical Risk Factors and Safety Advice
                        1. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
                        2. NFPA 704 Fire Diamond
                        3. Risk Phrases (R-phrases) and Safety Phrases (S-phrases)
                        1. Incompatible Chemicals
                           1. Storage Color Codes
                           1. Disposal of Common Laboratory Chemicals
                           2. Disposal of Heavy-Metal and Other Toxic Compounds
                           1. Notes:
                           2. Shipping Hazardous Chemicals
                           1. Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures
                           2. Handling Chemicals Properly
                           3. Using a Balance
                           4. Measuring Liquids by Volume
                              1. Using a Volumetric Flask
                              2. Using a Pipette
                                 1. Cleaning a Pipette
                                 2. Calibrating a Disposable Plastic Pipette
                                 1. Titrate Using a Graduated Cylinder
                                 2. Titrate Using a Mohr Pipette
                                 1. Using an Alcohol Lamp
                                 2. Using a Gas Burner
                                 3. Evaporating and Drying
                                 1. Cutting Glass Tubing
                                 2. Bending and Drawing Glass Tubing
                                 3. Inserting Glass Tubing into Corks and Stoppers Safely
                                 1. Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose
                                    1. Procedure
                                    2. Review Questions
                                    1. Procedure
                                    2. Review Questions
                                    1. Procedure
                                    2. Review Questions
                                    1. Procedure
                                    2. Review Questions
                                    1. Procedure
                                       1. Part I: Basic Chromatography
                                       2. Part II: Two-Dimensional Chromatography
                                       1. Procedure
                                       2. Review Questions
                                       1. Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid Chemical
                                          1. Procedure
                                          2. Review Questions
                                          1. Procedure
                                          2. Review Questions
                                          1. Procedure
                                          2. Review Questions
                                          1. Procedure
                                          2. Review Questions
                                          1. Procedure
                                             1. Part I: Make Up Reference Solutions
                                             2. Part II: Determine the Concentration of an Unknown Solution
                                             1. Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation
                                                1. Procedure
                                                   1. Part I: Determine the Boiling Point of Water Under Ambient Pressure
                                                   2. Part II: Prepare Molal Solutions of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose
                                                   3. Part III: Determine the Boiling Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose Solutions
                                                   1. Procedure
                                                      1. Part I: Prepare the Ice Bath and Determine the Freezing Point of Water
                                                      2. Part II: Determine the Freezing Points of Sodium Chloride and Sucrose Solutions
                                                      1. Procedure
                                                      2. Review Questions
                                                      1. Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction
                                                         1. Procedure
                                                         2. Review Questions
                                                         1. Procedure
                                                         2. Part I
                                                         3. Part II
                                                         4. Review Questions
                                                         1. Procedure
                                                         2. Part I
                                                         3. Part II
                                                         4. Review Questions
                                                         1. Procedure
                                                         2. Part I
                                                         3. Part II
                                                         4. Review Questions
                                                         1. Laboratory 10.1: Reduction of copper ore to copper metal
                                                            1. Procedure
                                                            2. Review Questions
                                                            1. Procedure
                                                            2. Review Questions
                                                            1. Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect of Concentration on PH
                                                               1. Procedure
                                                               2. Review Questions
                                                               1. Procedure
                                                               2. Review Questions
                                                               1. Procedure
                                                               2. Review Questions
                                                               1. Procedure
                                                                  1. Part I: Make Up a Stock Reference Solution of ~1.500 M Sodium Carbonate
                                                                  2. Part II: Use Serial Dilution to Make Up a Working Reference Solution of ~0.1500 M Sodium Carbonate
                                                                  3. Part III: Standardize a Bench Solution of ~1 M Hydrochloric Acid
                                                                  1. Laboratory 12.1: Determine the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
                                                                     1. Procedure
                                                                     2. Review Questions
                                                                     1. Procedure
                                                                     2. Review Questions
                                                                     1. Procedure
                                                                     2. Review Questions
                                                                     1. Procedure
                                                                     2. Review Questions
                                                                     1. Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in Action
                                                                        1. Procedure
                                                                           1. Part I: Examine the Effect of Concentration on Equilibrium
                                                                           2. Part II: Examine the Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium
                                                                           3. Part III: Examine the Effect of Volume on Equilibrium
                                                                           4. PART IV: Examine the Effect of Pressure (and Temperature) on Equilibrium
                                                                           1. Procedure
                                                                           2. Review Questions
                                                                           1. Procedure
                                                                              1. Part I: Determine the Ksp of Sodium Chloride Gravimetrically
                                                                              2. Part II: Determine the Ksp of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate Titrimetrically (volumetrically)
                                                                              1. Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law)
                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                 2. Review Questions
                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                 2. Review Questions
                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                 2. Review Questions
                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                 2. Review Questions
                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                 2. Review Questions
                                                                                 1. Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution
                                                                                    1. Procedure
                                                                                    2. Review Questions
                                                                                    1. Procedure
                                                                                    2. Review Questions
                                                                                    1. Procedure
                                                                                    2. Review Questions
                                                                                    1. Procedure
                                                                                    2. Review Questions
                                                                                    1. Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Procedure
                                                                                       2. Review Questions
                                                                                       1. Laboratory 17.1: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine and Oxalate
                                                                                          1. Procedure
                                                                                             1. Part I: Prepare Reference Samples
                                                                                             2. Part II: Determine the Effects of Different Light Sources on Iodine/Oxalate Solution Samples
                                                                                             1. Laboratory 18.1 Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions
                                                                                                1. Procedure
                                                                                                2. Review Questions
                                                                                                1. Procedure
                                                                                                2. Review Questions
                                                                                                1. Procedure
                                                                                                2. Review Questions
                                                                                                1. Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions
                                                                                                   1. Procedure
                                                                                                   2. Review Questions
                                                                                                   1. Procedure
                                                                                                   2. Review Questions
                                                                                                   1. Procedure
                                                                                                      1. Part I: Testing for Nitrate Ions
                                                                                                      2. Part II: Testing for Other Anions
                                                                                                      1. Procedure
                                                                                                      2. Review Questions
                                                                                                      1. Procedure
                                                                                                         1. Part I: Sample Preparation
                                                                                                         2. Part II: Analysis of Ions
                                                                                                         1. Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration
                                                                                                            1. Procedure
                                                                                                            2. Review Questions
                                                                                                            1. Procedure
                                                                                                               1. Part I: Determine the Density of Chlorine Bleach
                                                                                                               2. Part II: Determine Hypochlorite Concentration
                                                                                                               1. Procedure
                                                                                                                  1. Part I: Determine Seawater Density and Total Dissolved Solids
                                                                                                                  2. Part II: Determine Chloride Ion Quantitatively
                                                                                                                  3. Part III: Determine Sulfate Ion Quantitatively
                                                                                                                  1. Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate From Aspirin
                                                                                                                     1. Procedure
                                                                                                                        1. Part I: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate
                                                                                                                        2. Part II: Isolate and Purify the Product
                                                                                                                        3. Part III: Determine Density and Freezing Point of the Product
                                                                                                                        1. Procedure
                                                                                                                        2. Review Questions
                                                                                                                        1. Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect Blood
                                                                                                                           1. Procedure
                                                                                                                           2. Review Questions
                                                                                                                           1. Procedure
                                                                                                                              1. Part I: Prepare Reagents
                                                                                                                              2. Part II: Run the Tests
                                                                                                                              1. Procedure
                                                                                                                                 1. Part I: Iodine Fuming
                                                                                                                                 2. Part II: Ninhydrin Spray
                                                                                                                                 3. Part III: Silver Nitrate Spray
                                                                                                                                 1. Procedure
                                                                                                                                    1. Part I: Establish Reagent Purity
                                                                                                                                    2. Part II: Test the Samples
                                                                                                                                    3. Part III: Discriminate between Arsenic and Antimony
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                                                                                                                                    Product information

                                                                                                                                    • Title: Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
                                                                                                                                    • Author(s): Robert Bruce Thompson
                                                                                                                                    • Release date: April 2008
                                                                                                                                    • Publisher(s): Make: Community
                                                                                                                                    • ISBN: 9781449331429